kilaːj hisːːː /
A bird singing
kilaːji		his	/
kilaːj	-i	his	/
bird	-GEN	voice	.
N	-CASE	N.M	.

214

amaːsiw /
I heard
amaːsiw		/
a-	maːsiw	/
1SG-	hear\INT.PFV	.
PNG-	V1.DER.TR	.

I heard a bird singing.

tak handib reːwaːːː /
A man climbing a tree,
tak	handib		reːwa		/
tak	handi	=b	reːw	-a	/
man	tree	=INDF.M.ACC	climb	-CVB.MNR	.
N.M	N.M	=DET	V2.TR	-.	.

A man climbed in a tree

naːt lakkate /
was picking up things,
naːt		lakkati		/
naː	=t	lakkat	-i	/
thing	=INDF.F	pick_up	-AOR.3SG.M	.
N.F	=DET	V2.BORR.ARA.TR	-TAM.PNG	.

who was picking up things (= pears),

tikʷijaj eːja /
he went down,
tikʷjaj			eːja	/
tikʷ	-ja	-i	eːja	/
go_down	-PFV.3SG.M	-L	come\PFV.3SG.M	.
V2.TR	-TAM.PNG	-.	V2.IRG.TR	.

went down,

biːlej /
in a basket
biːlej		/
biːli	-i	/
basket	-GEN	.
N.M	-CASE	.

114

tinaːtoː idʔiːːː /
he put his thing.
tinaːtoː				idʔi		/
ti=	naː	=t	=oː	i-	dʔi	/
DEF.F=	thing	=INDF.F	=POSS.3SG.ACC	3SG.M-	do\PFV	.
DET=	N.F	=DET	=PRO	PNG-	V1.IRG.TR	.

he put his things in a basket.

malja /
Then
malja		/
mali	-a	/
two	-ORD	.
PTCL	-NUM	.

Then,

uːtak /
the man
uːtak		/
uː=	tak	/
DEF.SG.M.NOM=	man	.
DET=	N.M	.

the man

ireːwijaː adgej /
climbed back and
reːwjaj			idgejt			/
reːw	-ja	-i	i-	dgi	=it	/
climb	-PFV.3SG.M	-L	3SG.M-	turn_back\PFV	=COORD	.
V2.TR	-TAM.PNG	-.	PNG-	V1	=CONJ	.

climbed back and

nʔaːjt iːbiri tak /
a man who had a goat
nʔaːjt		iːbiri		tak	/
nʔaːj	=t	iː-	biri	tak	/
goat	=INDF.F	3SG.M-	have\AOR	man	.
N.F	=DET	PNG-	V1.IRG.TR	N.M	.

a man who had a goat

harʔisa eːja /
came from behind him.
harʔiːsej		eːja	/
harʔiː	=isej	eːja	/
after	=POSS.3SG.ABL	come\PFV.3SG.M	.
POSTP	=PRO	V2.IRG.TR	.

came from behind him.

hasamja //
He passed.
hasamja		//
hasam	-ja	//
go_past	-PFV.3SG.M	.
V2.TR	-TAM.PNG	.

He passed.

ʔoːr ʔaʤalaːd iːbiri eːjaːj /
A boy who had a bicycle came and
ʔoːr	ʔaʤalaːt		iːbiri		eːjaːjt		/
ʔoːr	ʔaʤala	=t	iː-	biri	eːja	=it	/
child	bicycle	=INDF.F	3SG.M-	have\AOR	come\PFV.3SG.M	=COORD	.
N	N.F.BORR.ARA	=DET	PNG-	V1.IRG.TR	V2.IRG.TR	=CONJ	.

A boy who had a bicycle came and

oːtak nakkakameː /
while he was glancing at the man several times,
oːtak		nakkakameː		/
oː=	tak	nakka~kam	-eː	/
DEF.SG.M.ACC=	man	look-round~PLAC	-CVB.SMLT	.
DET=	N.M	V2.DER.TR	-.	.

while he was glancing at the man several times,

oːn ibiːlej /
from this basket
oːn	ibiːlej			/
oːn	i=	biːli	-i	/
PROX.SG.M.ACC	DEF.M=	basket	-GEN	.
DEM	DET=	N.M	-CASE	.

672

naːt doːr jhakistib isoːgagidna dheː itʔi /

it seemed to me that he hesitated to take something.

naːt

doːr

jhakistib

isoːgagid

dheː

itʔi

naː

doːr

jhak

-is

-ti

soː-

ga~gid

=eː

tʔi

thing

=INDF.F

time

get_up

-CAUS

-N.AC

=INDF.M.ACC

3SG.M-

CAUS-

PLAC~throw\PFV

chose

DIR

=POSS.1SG.ACC

3SG.M-

resemble\PFV

N.F

=DET

N.M

V2.INTR

-V2.DER

-N.V

=DET

PNG-

V1.DER-

V1.DER.TR

N.F.

POSTP

=PRO

PNG-

V1.TR

it seemed to me he hesitated to take things from the basket.

maljuːn /
Then, this one
malja		uːn	/
mali	-a	uːn	/
two	-ORD	PROX.SG.M.NOM	.
PTCL	-NUM	DEM	.

Then, this one

ibiːli jhakisijaːjt haːj giːgiː //
took the basket and went away with it.
ibiːli		jhakisjaːjt				haːj	giːgja		//
i=	biːli	jhak	-is	-ja	=it	haːj	giːg	-ja	//
DEF.M=	basket	get_up	-CAUS	-PFV.3SG.M	=COORD	COM	leave	-PFV.3SG.M	.
DET=	N.M	V2.INTR	-V2.DER	-TAM.PNG	=CONJ	POSTP	V2.INTR	-TAM.PNG	.

took the basket and went away with it.

isakkaːj /
On the road,
isikkaːj			/
i=	sikka	-i	/
DEF.M=	road	-GEN	.
DET=	N.M	-CASE	.

On the road,

ʔoːt weːˀ /
another girl
ʔoːt	weːt		/
ʔoːt	weː	=t	/
child\F	other	=INDF.F	.
N.F	ADJ	=DET	.

another girl

tikirifejd oːŋ wʔoːr /
met him, and this boy
tikirifejt			oːn	wʔoːr		/
ti-	kirif	=ejt	oːn	w=	ʔoːr	/
3SG.F-	cut_off\PFV	=COORD	PROX.SG.M.ACC	DEF.SG.M=	child	.
PNG-	V1.TR	=CONJ	DEM	DET=	N	.

993

toːt titaːgijaj /
this hat
toːt	titaːgijaj		/
toːt	ti=	taːgijaj	/
PROX.SG.F.ACC	DEF.F=	hat	.
DEM	DET=	N.F.BORR.ARA	.

hoːj ɖibiʃtaj /
she stroke down from him,
hoːj	ɖibiʃtaj				/
hoːj	ɖib	-is	-ta	-i	/
ABL.3	fall	-CAUS	-PFV.3SG.F	-L	.
PRO	V2.INTR	-V2.DER	-TAM.PNG	-.	.

tidʔi //
she did.
tidʔi		//
ti-	dʔi	//
3SG.F-	do\PFV	.
PNG-	AUX.EMPH.TR	.

passed him and stroke his hat down from him,

thajʔ thaːj ɖibiʃtaneːt kaːkan nuːn /

but I don’t know how she made it fall.

thajʔa

thaːj

ɖibiʃtaneːt

kaːkan

nuːn

hajʔa

haːj

ɖib

-is

-ta

-n

=eːt

ka=

kan

nuːn

DEF.F=

way

DEF.F=

COM

fall

-CAUS

-PFV.3SG.F

-L

=REL.F

NEG.IPFV=

1SG-

know\MID.PFV

only

DET=

N.F.BORR.ARA

REL=

POSTP

V2.TR

-V2.DER

-TAM.PNG

=CONJ

PTCL=

PNG-

V1.DER.IRG.TR

PTCL

But I don’t know how she made it fall.

ʔoːr /
The boy
wʔoːr		/
w=	ʔoːr	/
DEF.SG.M=	child	.
DET=	N	.

The boy

ʔaweːb imoːkʷat ɖibija /
hit a stone and fell down.
ʔaweːb		imoːkʷaːt			ɖibja		/
ʔaweː	=b	i-	moː-	kʷaːt	ɖib	-ja	/
stone\PL	=INDF.M.ACC	3SG.M-	RECP-	push\PFV	fall	-PFV.3SG.M	.
N.M	=DET	PNG-	V1.DER-	V1.TR	V2.INTR	-TAM.PNG	.

hit a stone and fell down.

ontʔaːːː /
Now,
ontʔa	/
ontʔa	/
now	.
PTCL	.

Now,

mhaj ʔar dhaːj eːjaːni /
three boys went towards him, and
mhaj	ʔar	dhaːj	eːjaːnit		/
mhaj	ʔar	dhaːj	eːjaːn	=it	/
three	child\PL	DIR	come\PFV.3PL	=COORD	.
NUM	N	POSTP	V2.IRG.TR	=CONJ	.

three boys went towards him, and

uːŋ wʔoːr /
this boy
uːn	wʔoːr		/
uːn	w=	ʔoːr	/
PROX.SG.M.NOM	DEF.SG.M=	child	.
DEM	DET=	N	.

this boy,

tinaːteː lakkatijaːn jʔawenid /
by dint of picking up well his things, they helped him, and
tinaːteː				lakkatjaːni			jʔawinit				/
ti=	naː	=t	=eː	lakkat	-jaːn	=i	i-	ʔawi	-n	=it	/
DEF.F=	thing	=INDF.F	=POSS.3PL.ACC	pick_up	-PFV.3PL	=EMPH	3-	help\MID.PFV	-PL	=COORD	.
DET=	N.F	=DET	=PRO	V2.BORR.ARA.TR	-TAM.PNG	=PTCL	PNG-	V1.TR	-PNG	=CONJ	.

by dint of picking up well his things, they helped him, and

ibiːlej idʔi /
put them in the basket.
ibiːlej			idʔiːn			/
i=	biːli	-i	i-	dʔiː	-n	/
DEF.M=	basket	-GEN	3-	do\PFV	-PL	.
DET=	N.M	-CASE	PNG-	V1.IRG.TR	-PNG	.

put them in the basket.

ibiːlej mali ontʔa /
From the basket, then, now,
ibiːlej			mali	ontʔa	/
i=	biːli	-i	mali	ontʔa	/
DEF.M=	basket	-GEN	two	now	.
DET=	N.M	-CASE	PTCL	PTCL	.

184

tinaːteː jhakisijaːjd ifidin hireːrjanhoːb //

when he took his things from it, and left walking,

tinaːteː

jhakisjaːjt

ifdin

hireːrjanhoːb

ti=

naː

=eː

jhak

-is

-ja

=it

fdin

hireːr

-ja

-n

=hoːb

DEF.F=

thing

=INDF.F

=POSS.3PL.ACC

get_up

-CAUS

-PFV.3SG.M

=COORD

3SG.M-

move_away\PFV

walk

-PFV.3SG.M

-L

=when

DET=

N.F

=DET

=PRO

V2.INTR

-V2.DER

-TAM.PNG

=CONJ

PNG-

V2.INTR

-TAM.PNG

=CONJ

Then, now, when he took his things from the basket, and left walking,

saffaːra dhaːj eʈʔaniːt /
they played a flute at him, and
saffaːra	dhaːj	iʈʔanit				/
saffaːra	dhaːj	i-	ʈʔa	-n	=it	/
flute	DIR	3-	hit\PFV	-PL	=COORD	.
N.F	POSTP	PNG-	V1.TR	-PNG	=CONJ	.

they whistled at him and

hoːj waliːkjaːniːt /
called him, and
hoːj	waliːkjaːnit			/
hoːj	waliːk	-jaːn	=it	/
ABL.3	shout	-PFV.3PL	=COORD	.
PRO	V2.TR	-TAM.PNG	=CONJ	.

called him, and

titaːgijaːjtuː hoːj ɖibaːtiː /
since his hat had fallen from him,
titaːgijajtuː				hoːj	ɖibaːtuːjt					/
ti=	taːgijaj	=t	=uː	hoːj	ɖib	-a	=t	=u	=it	/
DEF.F=	hat	=INDF.F	=POSS.3SG.NOM	ABL.3	fall	-CVB.MNR	=INDF.F	=COP.3SG	=CSL	.
DET=	N.F.BORR.ARA	=DET	=PRO	PRO	V2.INTR	-PRF	=DET	=PRED.N	=CONJ	.

since his hat had fallen from him,

titaːgijaːj sallaːmjaːnhoː /
when they give him the hat,
titaːgijaj		sallamjaːnhoːb			/
ti=	taːgijaj	sallam	-jaːn	=hoːb	/
DEF.F=	hat	give	-PFV.3PL	=when	.
DET=	N.F.BORR.ARA	V2.DITR	-TAM.PNG	=CONJ	.

when they give him the hat,

gaːlkaka eːt teːna tiʔiːbirijeːnaːteː /

to each of them these things that he had,

gaːlkaka

eːt

teːna

tiʔiːbirijeːnaːtiː

gaːl

=ka

eːt

teː=

ti=

iː-

biri

=eː

=naː

=iː

one

=DISTR

PROX.PL.F.ACC

DEF.PL.F.ACC=

thing

DEF.F=

3SG.M-

have\AOR

=REL

=thing

=INDF.F

=ABL.SG

NUM

=POSTP

DEM

DET=

N.F

REL=

PNG-

V1.IRG.TR

=CONJ

=DET

=POSTP

1056

gaːt jhe //
he gave one.
gaːt	jhi		//
gaːt	i-	hi	//
one\F	3SG.M-	give\PFV	.
NUM	PNG-	V1.IRG.DITR	.

he gave each of them one of these things he had.

ontʔa /
Now,
ontʔa	/
ontʔa	/
now	.
PTCL	.

Now,

aːn giːgjaː /
these ones went away,
aːn	giːgjaːn		/
aːn	giːg	-jaːn	/
PROX.PL.M.NOM	leave	-PFV.3PL	.
DEM	V2.INTR	-TAM.PNG	.

these ones went away,

uːn giːgja /
this one went away.
uːn	giːgja		/
uːn	giːg	-ja	/
PROX.SG.M.NOM	leave	-PFV.3SG.M	.
DEM	V2.INTR	-TAM.PNG	.

this one went away.

aːn eːjaːn /
They came.
aːn	eːjaːn	/
aːn	eːjaːn	/
PROX.PL.M.NOM	come\PFV.3PL	.
DEM	V2.IRG.TR	.

They came.

oːn oːtak igeːbi hasamjaːn //
They passed by this man.
oːn	oːtaki			geːbiː		hasamjaːn		//
oːn	oː=	tak	-i	geːb	=iː	hasam	-jaːn	//
PROX.SG.M.ACC	DEF.SG.M.ACC=	man	-GEN	beside	=ABL.SG	go_past	-PFV.3PL	.
DEM	DET=	N.M	-CASE	POSTP	=POSTP	V2.TR	-TAM.PNG	.

They passed by this man.

beːn uːtak /
That man
beːn	uːtak		/
beːn	uː=	tak	/
DIST.SG.M.NOM	DEF.SG.M.NOM=	man	.
DEM	DET=	N.M	.

That man

weʔiʔaʃiʃ /
who had met them,
wiʔiʔaʃiʃ			/
wi=	i-	ʔaʃiʃ	/
REL.M=	3SG.M-	meet\PFV	.
CONJ=	PNG-	V1.TR	.

who had met them,

tuːnʔaːj tiʔiːbirijeːd oːʃəbaː /
the goat that he had, the colour
tuːnʔaːj		tiʔiːbirijeːt				oːʃibha		/
tuː=	nʔaːj	ti=	iː-	biri	=eːt	oː=	ʃibha	/
DEF.SG.F.NOM=	goat	DEF.F=	3SG.M-	have\AOR	=REL.F	DEF.SG.M.ACC=	colour	.
DET=	N.F	DET=	PNG-	V1.IRG.TR	=CONJ	DET=	N.M	.

the goat that he had, its colour

hamaʃoːjt /
it was dark,
hamaʃoːjti			/
hamaʃoːj	=t	=i	/
dark_coloured	=INDF.F	=COP.3SG	.
ADJ	=DET	=PRED.N	.

was dark.

nʔaːj laːlaj /
a goat with small ears
nʔaːj	laːlajt		/
nʔaːj	laːlaj	=t	/
goat	goat_sp_with_small_ears	=INDF.F	.
N.F	N.F	=DET	.

a goat with small ears,

ganaftu //
its knees are bent.
ganaftu			//
ganaf	=t	=u	//
kneeling	=INDF.F	=COP.3SG	.
ADJ	=DET	=PRED.N	.

its knees are bent.

ʔaweːt nʔaːjt hiːsan //
I thought it was a mountain goat.
ʔawiːt			nʔaːjt		hiːsan		//
ʔawi	-i	=t	nʔaːj	=t	hiːs	-an	//
hill	-GEN	=INDF.F	goat	=INDF.F	think	-PFV.1SG	.
N.M	-CASE	=DET	N.F	=DET	V2.TR	-TAM.PNG	.

I thought it was a mountain goat.